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HMS ''Endeavour'', also known as HM Bark ''Endeavour'', was a British Royal Navy research vessel that Lieutenant James Cook commanded on his first voyage of discovery, to Australia and New Zealand, from 1769 to 1771. She was launched in 1764 as the collier ''Earl of Pembroke'', and the navy purchased her in 1768 for a scientific mission to the Pacific Ocean and to explore the seas for the surmised ''Terra Australis Incognita'' or "unknown southern land". The navy renamed and commissioned her as ''His Majesty's Bark the Endeavour''. She departed Plymouth in August 1768, rounded Cape Horn, and reached Tahiti in time to observe the 1769 transit of Venus across the Sun. She then set sail into the largely uncharted ocean to the south, stopping at the Pacific islands of Huahine, Borabora, and Raiatea to allow Cook to claim them for Great Britain. In September 1769, she anchored off New Zealand, the first European vessel to reach the islands since Abel Tasman's ''Heemskerck'' 127 years earlier. In April 1770, ''Endeavour'' became the first ship to reach the east coast of Australia, when Cook went ashore at what is now known as Botany Bay. ''Endeavour'' then sailed north along the Australian coast. She narrowly avoided disaster after running aground on the Great Barrier Reef, and Cook had to throw her guns overboard to lighten her. He then beached her on the mainland for seven weeks to permit rudimentary repairs to her hull. On 10 October 1770, she limped into port in Batavia (now named Jakarta) in the Dutch East Indies for more substantial repairs, her crew sworn to secrecy about the lands they had visited. She resumed her westward journey on 26 December, rounded the Cape of Good Hope on 13 March 1771, and reached the English port of Dover on 12 July, having been at sea for nearly three years. Largely forgotten after her epic voyage, ''Endeavour'' spent the next three years shipping naval stores to the Falkland Islands. Renamed and sold into private hands in 1775, she briefly returned to naval service as a troop transport during the American War of Independence and was scuttled in a blockade of Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, in 1778. Her wreck has not been precisely located, but relics, including six of her cannon and an anchor, are displayed at maritime museums worldwide. A replica of ''Endeavour'' was launched in 1994 and is berthed alongside the Australian National Maritime Museum in Sydney Harbour. The space shuttle ''Endeavour'' is named for the original ship. ''Endeavour'' also features on the New Zealand 50-cent coin. ==Construction== ''Endeavour'' was originally the merchant collier ''Earl of Pembroke'', launched in June 1764 from the coal and whaling port of Whitby in North Yorkshire,〔 and of a type known locally as the ''Whitby Cat''. She was ship-rigged and sturdily built with a broad, flat bow, a square stern, and a long box-like body with a deep hold.〔Hosty and Hundley 2003, p. 41〕 A flat-bottomed design made her well-suited to sailing in shallow waters and allowed her to be beached for loading and unloading of cargo and for basic repairs without requiring a dry dock. Her hull, internal floors, and futtocks were built from traditional white oak, her keel and stern post from elm, and her masts from pine and fir.〔Hosty and Hundley 2003, p. 19.〕 Plans of the ship also show a double keelson to lock the keel, floors and frames in place.〔Hosty and Hundley 2003, pp. 33–41〕 Some doubt exists about the height of her masts, as surviving diagrams of ''Endeavour'' depict the body of the vessel only, and not the mast plan.〔 While her main and foremasts are accepted to be a standard , respectively, an annotation on one surviving ship plan records the mizzen as "16 yards 29 inches" ( m).〔 If correct, this would produce an oddly truncated mast a full shorter than the standards of the day.〔Sutherland, Rushton, Cooper 1711〕〔Davis and Edson 1985〕 Modern research suggests the annotation may be a transcription error and should read "19 yards 29 inches" ( m), which would more closely conform with both the naval standards and the lengths of the other masts.〔Marquardt 1995, pp. 19–20.〕 The replica is built to this shorter measurement, as is the model in the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich. There is a difference between the height of the mizzen fore-and-aft spar in the contemporary painting by Luny (below) and its position on the replica in the photographs, compared to the height of the lowest spars on the fore and mainmasts. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「HMS Endeavour」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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